食與農，重新相遇 | When Food and Agriculture Meet Again

食農教育，一個近年討論度極高的用詞，但說起「食農」的定義，卻也是百家爭鳴。廣義來說，食農教育是一個「做中學」的過程，學生透過共耕、共食進入共感，重新填滿農業到飲食間的空白。

聯合國糧農組織（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 簡稱FAO）鼓勵學校創建菜園 (School Gardens)， 讓學生親自參與種植、照護，其產物則作為校園膳食使用，使得「食」「農」可自成循環。FAO 指出，學生參與農事活動，能培養生活技能與學習健康的膳食習慣之外，同時可以實施自產自用的生產模式，減少碳足跡生成，提高環保意識。

▌日本經驗：食農教育？從向食物的源頭學習開始

日本在2005年即通過「食育基本法」，是全世界第一個建立飲食教育專法的國家，將飲食教育提升到國家層級，從政府開始，推廣成為全民運動。

學校的食農教育分為三個主要面向：生活教育、飲食文化教育、營養教育，其中飲食文化部分，不只有校園內的農事活動，更將食農教育與鄉村社區營造結合，設計一系列農家寄宿、農村體驗，讓學生透過戶外教學實際參與農業第一線運作，一起插秧、拔蘿蔔，親自看見食物的源頭，也同時活化了農村當地的生活及發展出不同的經濟模式。

▌從拯救農業為起點，看韓國的校園供餐大局

「高齡的農民、貧窮的農村、低價的農產」是南韓農業目前急需解決的困境。近年，總統文在寅上任後，為了拯救農業，南韓政府一年投注四兆韓圜（約1100 億台幣）作為國中、小校園友善農業且免費營養午餐的經費，在「校園供餐義務化」與「增加友善農業比例」的目標下努力不懈。

目前全南韓國內17市中已有12市國中、國小參與「免費友善環境供餐」計畫，由地方行政機關「友善環境供餐支援中心」主導，進行挑選食材、調配產地及學校、監督驗收等等工作。食材必須合乎友善環境標準並為國產食材，為學生做健康把關之外，也帶動友善農業發展。

▌台灣食育推不推？誰來管？

圖片來源：主婦聯盟環境保護基金會台中分會官網，鍾瀚樞繪製。 | Source: Taichung Branch, Homemakers United Foundation. Drawn by Han-shu Chung.

看見國際上的成功先例，希望台灣跟進的聲浪也越來越大。雖然立委姚文智、陳曼麗分別提出《食農教育法》、《食農教育基本法》草案後，加速了社會對於食農的討論，不過截至目前，公部門、立法機關、民間團體、學校仍是各有說法，並無明顯的共識。

雖然各級機關、學校、團體皆有意將食農教育帶入校園，不過缺乏法律的依據與政府資源的投注下，很難大規模、有系統地實行。在政府無確切立法時程的狀況下，民間機構大多自食其力，仿效國外方式，以戶外教學、邀請農友演講等方式執行，同時仍懇切希望多與政府對話，早日通過台灣的食育專法。

▌後山的食農領跑者：以東華校園綠色廚房為例

「從友善農田到健康餐桌的學習路徑」東華自然資源與環境系宋秉明老師不急著為食農定義，反而先以路徑為核心，於2010年開始，開設通識課程「校園綠色廚房課程」，帶領同學身體力行，從認識「吃」開始。

課程中，宋秉明老師在東華有機專區租了一塊田讓學生親自耕種，學習友善農耕的技法，更於2013年在校園內開設「綠色餐廳」，提供蔬食簡餐，而其中除了同學親自種植的蔬菜外，更多的是與附近有機小農合作的食材，每天不固定食材，是天天有驚喜的無菜單料理餐廳。

雖然綠色餐廳目前已歇業，但此計畫與課程仍成為台灣食農教育的絕佳先例，供各級學校及團體取經，可望未來食農的概念能在台灣開枝散葉。

「原來，健康的『食』與友善的『農』竟直通到國人健康與國土生態議題。」

宋秉明老師如此表示。而校園中，膳食把持著學生的飲食與健康，土地乘載著學生的步伐與回憶，「食農教育」體現了兩者的和諧交織之外，同時也將實踐友善農業的年齡層向下扎根。食農教育，食與農的重新相遇。

Food and Agricultural Education is a term that has been highly discussed in recent years, but when it comes to the definition of "food and agriculture," it becomes a heated debate. In a broad sense, food and agricultural education is a process of "learning by doing." Students understand how the agriculture and food connect with each other through co-cultivation and co-eating. By doing so, the gap between agriculture and food can be bridged.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) encourages schools to create school gardens, allowing students to physically participate in planting and caring. As the products are used as school meals, "food" and "farmers" are brought together as a cycle. FAO pointed out that students' participation in agricultural activities can not only cultivate life skills and learn healthy dietary habits, but also implement a self-produced production model. Therefore, they know the importance of reducing the carbon footprints and improving environmental protection awareness.

▌Food pedagogies in Japan: Food and Agricultural Education? Learning from the Roots of Food

Japan’s Basic Law on Food Education (Shokuiku kihonhō) was enacted in 2005, which is the first special law on food education implemented by the authorities. It elevates food education to the national level, starting from the government and promoting it as a national movement.

The food and agricultural education implemented by schools has its focus on nutrition and the emphasis on domestic food, food pedagogies, and food culture. They not only include agricultural activities on campus, but also combine food and agricultural education with local communities to design a series of farmhouses. The boarding and rural experience allows students to actually participate in the front-line operation of agriculture through planting rice seedlings and harvesting radishes together. At the same time, this kind of collaboration also helps rural areas flourish and lets different economic models develop.

▌Seeing a Bigger Picture of School Meals Program with a Plan of Sustainable Agriculture

"The aging of farmers, unstable income, and low-priced agricultural products" are the dilemma that South Korea's agriculture urgently needs to solve. In recent years, after the President Mun Jae-in took office, in order to save agriculture, the Korean government invested 4 trillion won (about 110 billion NT dollars) a year as funds for providing lunch services in middle and small schools. The government has set basic nutritional guidelines on their school lunch programs as they work hard to reach the goal of raising the rate of “Free School Lunches'' as well as “Increasing the Percentage of Sustainable and Eco-friendly Agriculture.”

Currently, 12 primary and secondary schools out of 17 cities in Korea have participated in the "Free Sustainable Lunches" program which is led by the “Food Integration Support Centre,” a local administrative agency, to deliberate vital matters of the regional food plans. The ingredients of food the Centre allocates must meet the eco-friendly standards and be domestically produced. In addition to guaranteeing the availability and quality of food for all the students, the Centre also promotes the development of sustainable agriculture.

▌How Garden-Enhanced Nutrition Education Works in Taiwan and Who Take Charge ?

With the successful international precedents, the overall interest in forming new food strategy inTaiwan has also been growing. Although legislators Yao Wenzhi and Chen Manli put forward the drafts of the "Food Agriculture Education Law" and the "Basic Law on Food Agriculture Education" respectively, which have accelerated the social discussion on food agriculture. However, the local governments, legislature, non-governmental organizations, and schools still stick to their own viewpoints. No clear consensus was seen so far.

Although agencies, schools, and groups at all levels intend to bring food and agriculture education to campuses, it is difficult to implement wholistically and systematically a food strategy on a large scale without legal basis and government resources. Under the circumstance that the government does not have an exact legislative schedule, most of the non-governmental organizations are self-sufficient and step up for foreign methods by doing field trips and inviting farmers to give speeches.

▌The Frontrunner of Food Agriculture in the Eastern Taiwan: Taking the Green Kitchen in National Dong Hwa University as an Example

"Learning from Eco-Friendly Farmland to Healthy Dining Diet" Professor Sung Bin-min from the Department of Environmental Studies of National Dong Hwa University is not in a hurry to define food agriculture. Instead, he led the way slowly and steadily, and started the general education course "Campus Green Kitchen Course" in 2010, which led the students to practice, starting from knowing the true meaning of "eating."

During the course, Professor Sung Bin-min rented a field in the Organic Zone on campus for students to grow their own plants and learn the techniques of friendly farming. In 2013, he started a "green restaurant" on campus to provide vegetable meals. The ingredients, which kept changing every day, were grown by the students themselves and nearby organic small farmers. It is a restaurant which provides surprises on a daily basis.

Although the Green Restaurant is currently closed, this program and course have become an excellent precedent for Garden-Enhanced Nutrition Education in Taiwan. Their experience can be used by schools and groups at all levels. It is hoped that the education of Garden-Enhanced Nutrition can be broadly accepted in Taiwan in the future.